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In conclusion GPR inhibits and GPR enhances
2021-12-21
In conclusion, GPR120 inhibits and GPR40 enhances the cell motile activity stimulated by TPA in melanoma cells, while MMP-9 activation was reduced by GPR40. In contrast, GPR40 negatively regulated cellular functions of fibrosarcoma MDL 12330A hydrochloride receptor [11]. Taken together, it is sugge
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br Materials and methods br Results
2021-12-21
Materials and methods Results Discussion Previously, it is well known that methionine and choline deficient (MCDD) or choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) models are widely accepted in NASH research. MCDD or CDAA dietary model has been mimic human NASH in rodents by sequentially p
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Several reports have shown that the ICD of CLRs is
2021-12-21
Several reports have shown that the ICD of CLRs is involved in the desensitization process of this superfamily. The analysis of our chimeric constructs between GlyRα1 and GLIC revealed differences in desensitization properties. In contrast, other ion channel properties such as channel block and ion
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e 64 This resembles a vicious cycle since BBB disruption and
2021-12-21
This resembles a vicious cycle since BBB disruption and inflammation are thought to be caused by epilepsy, but other contributing factors are also known to be their cause, such as peripheral infection, autoimmunity, e 64 trauma and stroke that also underlie epilepsy [18]. Additional triggers that s
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Free fatty acid receptor FFAR
2021-12-21
Free fatty enos inhibitor receptor 1 (FFAR1, also known as GPR40) belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and was de-orphanized in 2003 as a receptor for medium-to long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) [9,10]. Mainly expressed in beta cells of pancreatic islets, GPR40 can be activ
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Fig A demonstrates the body weight gain of the
2021-12-21
Fig. 2A demonstrates the body weight gain of the pregestational females. High-fat diet in wild-type mice increased body weight in 2 weeks and sustained this increase over 8 weeks. A similar effect was noted in glut3 mice in response to a high-fat diet. Fig. 2B depicts fat and muscle mass as assessed
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br Ghrelin Ghrelin was purified from rat
2021-12-21
Ghrelin Ghrelin was purified from rat stomach about twenty years ago as a 28-amino BMS 493 receptor octanoylated peptide and shown to be the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (now termed GHSR1a, Howard et al., 1996, Kojima et al., 1999). GHSR1a is a 7-transmembran
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Introduction Initially postulated to represent the main sour
2021-12-21
Introduction Initially postulated to represent the main source of ATP production in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are recently recognized to perform manifold essential functions beyond energy production, impacting most areas of cell biology and medicine [1]. Mitochondrial metabolism is both the ba
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Because AM had limited efficacy on
2021-12-21
Because (AM-3189) had limited efficacy on rodent GPR40, we used two rodent models expressing human GPR40 to demonstrate efficacy of (AM-3189). First, we used human islet transplanted nude mice. In this model, endogenous pancreatic β-cells were ablated using streptozotocin, and mice were rescued to e
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The physiological and pharmacological roles of GPR remain la
2021-12-20
The physiological and pharmacological roles of GPR81 remain largely unclear because of several reasons. The low potency of lactate agonizing GPR81 in the millimolar range, together with its fast metabolic turnover, renders as a challenge in in vivo studies using lactate. Furthermore, there are no po
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GPR agonistic activity was evaluated for the human GPR recep
2021-12-20
GPR119 agonistic activity was evaluated for the human GPR119 receptor in a cell-based cAMP assay. The results expressed the potency as EC values and the inherent activity (IA) as percentages which were compared to the test compound with oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous ligand of GPR119 (defin
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Caffeine decreased EAAT and EAAT expression levels in P
2021-12-20
Caffeine decreased EAAT1 and EAAT2 Cyanine 3-dCTP synthesis levels in P2 fraction, as well as [3H]d-aspartate uptake; however, as soon as caffeine is removed from incubation, [3H]-d-Aspartate uptake is recovered to control levels, eliminating the possibility of caffeine as a cell death inducer. In
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When testing the novel DA CH peptide it was
2021-12-20
When testing the novel DA-CH3 peptide, it was found that it is superior to liraglutide in the MPTP mouse model of PD at a dose of 25 nmol/kg ip once-daily for 7 days. In the Rotarod and grip strength assessment, DA-CH3 was superior to liraglutide in reversing the MPTP–induced motor impairment. Dopam
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mglur antagonist Although domain organization had been clear
2021-12-20
Although domain organization had been clearly delineated by the 4.3-Å structure of T4-γ-secretase [], atomic modeling of the side chains had to wait for the 3.4-Å structure []. In total, 598 residues in the transmembrane region and 632 residues in the ECD were modeled for the four components of huma
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br Introduction Conversion of visual input into electrical i
2021-12-20
Introduction Conversion of visual input into electrical information and routing this information to the brain is the main function of the eye (Levin et al., 2011). These processes require a microenvironment that offers adequate supply with oxygen and nutrients and also removal of all unwanted and
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